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DESCRIPTION

The domain parameter specifies a communications domain within which communication will take place; this selects the protocol family which should be used. These families are defined in the include file <sys/socket.h>. The currently understood formats are:

PF_LOCAL	Host-internal protocols, formerly called PF_UNIX,
PF_UNIX		Host-internal protocols, deprecated, use PF_LOCAL,
PF_INET		Internet version 4 protocols,
PF_IMPLINK	ARPAnet IMP addresses,
PF_PUP		PUP protocols, like BSP,
PF_CHAOS	MIT CHAOS protocols,
PF_NS		Xerox Network Systems protocols,
PF_ISO		ISO protocols,
PF_OSI		Open Systems Interconnection protocols,
PF_ECMA		European Computer Manufacturers,
PF_DATAKIT	Datakit protocols,
PF_CCITT	ITU-T protocols, like X.25,
PF_SNA		IBM SNA,
PF_DECnet	DECnet,
PF_DLI		DEC Direct Data Link Interface protocol,
PF_LAT		LAT protocol,
PF_HYLINK	NSC Hyperchannel,
PF_ROUTE	Internal Routing protocol,
PF_LINK		Link layer interface,
PF_XTP		eXpress Transfer Protocol,
PF_COIP		Connection-Oriented IP, aka ST II,
PF_CNT		Computer Network Technology,
PF_SIP		Simple Internet Protocol,
PF_IPX		Novell Internet Packet eXchange protocol,
PF_RTIP		Help Identify RTIP packets,
PF_PIP		Help Identify PIP packets,
PF_ISDN		Integrated Services Digital Network,
PF_KEY		Internal key-management function,
PF_INET6	Internet version 6 protocols,
PF_NATM		Native ATM access,
PF_ATM		ATM,
PF_NETGRAPH	Netgraph sockets

The socket has the indicated type, which specifies the semantics of communication. Currently defined types are:

SOCK_STREAM	Stream socket,
SOCK_DGRAM	Datagram socket,
SOCK_RAW	Raw-protocol interface,
SOCK_RDM	Reliably-delivered packet,
SOCK_SEQPACKET	Sequenced packet stream

A SOCK_STREAM type provides sequenced, reliable, two-way connection based byte streams. An out-of-band data transmission mechanism may be supported. A SOCK_DGRAM socket supports datagrams (connectionless, unreliable messages of a fixed (typically small) maximum length). A SOCK_SEQPACKET socket may provide a sequenced, reliable, two-way connection-based data transmission path for datagrams of fixed maximum length; a consumer may be required to read an entire packet with each read system call. This facility is protocol specific, and presently implemented only for PF_NS and PF_UNIX. SOCK_RAW sockets provide access to internal network protocols and interfaces. The types SOCK_RAW, which is available only to the super-user, and SOCK_RDM, which is planned, but not yet implemented, are not described here.

Additionally, the following flags are allowed in the type argument:

SOCK_CLOEXEC   Set close-on-exec on the new descriptor,
SOCK_NONBLOCK  Set non-blocking mode on the new socket

The protocol specifies a particular protocol to be used with the socket. Normally only a single protocol exists to support a particular socket type within a given protocol family. However, it is possible that many protocols may exist, in which case a particular protocol must be specified in this manner. The protocol number to use is particular to the “communication domain” in which communication is to take place; see protocols(5).

Sockets of type SOCK_STREAM are full-duplex byte streams, similar to pipes. A stream socket must be in a connected state before any data may be sent or received on it. A connection to another socket is created with a connect(2) call. Once connected, data may be transferred using read(2) and write(2) calls or some variant of the send(2) and recv(2) calls. (Some protocol families, such as the Internet family, support the notion of an “implied connect”, which permits data to be sent piggybacked onto a connect operation by using the sendto(2) call.) When a session has been completed a close(2) may be performed. Out-of-band data may also be transmitted as described in send(2) and received as described in recv(2).

The communications protocols used to implement a SOCK_STREAM insure that data is not lost or duplicated. If a piece of data for which the peer protocol has buffer space cannot be successfully transmitted within a reasonable length of time, then the connection is considered broken and calls will indicate an error with -1 returns and with ETIMEDOUT as the specific code in the global variable errno. The protocols optionally keep sockets “warm” by forcing transmissions roughly every minute in the absence of other activity. An error is then indicated if no response can be elicited on an otherwise idle connection for an extended period (e.g. 5 minutes). A SIGPIPE signal is raised if a process sends on a broken stream; this causes naive processes, which do not handle the signal, to exit.

SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets employ the same system calls as SOCK_STREAM sockets. The only difference is that read(2) calls will return only the amount of data requested, and any remaining in the arriving packet will be discarded.

SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_RAW sockets allow sending of datagrams to correspondents named in send(2) calls. Datagrams are generally received with recvfrom(2), which returns the next datagram with its return address.

An fcntl(2) call can be used to specify a process group to receive a SIGURG signal when the out-of-band data arrives. It may also enable non-blocking I/O and asynchronous notification of I/O events via SIGIO.

The operation of sockets is controlled by socket level options. These options are defined in the file <sys/socket.h>. Setsockopt(2) and getsockopt(2) are used to set and get options, respectively.