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STAT(2) System Calls Manual STAT(2)

stat, lstat, fstat, fstatat — get file status

library “libc”

#include <sys/stat.h>

int
stat(const char *path, struct stat *sb);

int
lstat(const char *path, struct stat *sb);

int
fstat(int fd, struct stat *sb);

#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

int
fstatat(int fd, const char *path, struct stat *sb, int flag);

The () function obtains information about the file pointed to by path. Read, write or execute permission of the named file is not required, but all directories listed in the path name leading to the file must be searchable.

The function () is like stat() except in the case where the named file is a symbolic link, in which case lstat() returns information about the link, while stat() returns information about the file the link references. The () function obtains the same information about an open file known by the file descriptor fd.

() works the same way as stat() (or lstat() if AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW is set in flag) except if path is relative. In that case, it is looked up from a directory whose file descriptor was passed as fd. Search permission is required on this directory. fd can be set to AT_FDCWD in order to specify the current directory.

The sb argument is a pointer to a stat structure as defined by <sys/stat.h> and into which information is placed concerning the file.

The following standards-compliant fields are defined in the structure:

dev_t st_dev device ID containing the file
ino_t st_ino serial number of the file (inode number)
mode_t st_mode mode of the file
nlink_t st_nlink number of hard links to the file
uid_t st_uid user ID of the owner
gid_t st_gid group ID of the owner
dev_t st_rdev device type (character or block special)
off_t st_size size of the file in bytes
time_t st_atime time of last access
time_t st_mtime time of last data modification
time_t st_ctime time of last file status change
blksize_t st_blksize preferred I/O block size (fs-specific)
blkcnt_t st_blocks blocks allocated for the file

These are specified in the IEEE Std 1003.1-2004 (“POSIX.1”) standard. The st_ino and st_dev fields taken together uniquely identify the file within the system. Most of the types are defined in types(3).

The time-related fields are:

st_atime
Time when file data was last accessed. Changed by the mknod(2), utimes(2), and read(2) system calls.
st_mtime
Time when file data was last modified. Changed by the mknod(2), utimes(2), and write(2) system calls.
st_ctime
Time when file status was last changed (file metadata modification). Changed by the chflags(2), chmod(2), chown(2), link(2), mknod(2), rename(2), unlink(2), utimes(2), and write(2) system calls.

The size-related fields of the struct stat are as follows:

st_size
The size of the file in bytes. The meaning of the size reported for a directory is file system dependent. Some file systems (e.g. FFS) return the total size used for the directory metadata, possibly including free slots; others (notably ZFS) return the number of entries in the directory. Some may also return other things or always report zero.
st_blksize
The optimal I/O block size for the file.
st_blocks
The actual number of blocks allocated for the file in 512-byte units. As short symbolic links are stored in the inode, this number may be zero.

The status information word st_mode contains bits that define the access mode (see chmod(2)) and the type (see dirent(3)) of the file. The following macros can be used to test whether a file is of the specified type. The value m supplied to the macros is the value of st_mode.

(m)
Test for a block special file.
(m)
Test for a character special file.
(m)
Test for a directory.
(m)
Test for a pipe or FIFO special file.
(m)
Test for a regular file.
(m)
Test for a symbolic link.
(m)
Test for a socket.

The macros evaluate to a non-zero value if the test is true or to the value 0 if the test is false.

The following additional NetBSD specific fields are present:

long st_atimensec last access (nanoseconds)
long st_mtimensec last modification (nanoseconds)
long st_ctimensec last status change (nanoseconds)
time_t st_birthtime time of inode creation
long st_birthtimensec inode creation (nanoseconds)
uint32_t st_flags user defined flags for the file
uint32_t st_gen file generation number
uint32_t st_spare[2] implementation detail

However, if _NETBSD_SOURCE is furthermore defined, instead of the above, the following are present in the structure:

struct timespec st_atimespec time of last access
struct timespec st_mtimespec time of last modification
struct timespec st_birthtimespec time of creation
uint32_t st_flags user defined flags
uint32_t st_gen file generation number
uint32_t st_spare[2] implementation detail

In this case the following macros are provided for convenience:

#if defined(_NETBSD_SOURCE)
  #define st_atime                st_atimespec.tv_sec
  #define st_atimensec            st_atimespec.tv_nsec
  #define st_mtime                st_mtimespec.tv_sec
  #define st_mtimensec            st_mtimespec.tv_nsec
  #define st_ctime                st_ctimespec.tv_sec
  #define st_ctimensec            st_ctimespec.tv_nsec
  #define st_birthtime            st_birthtimespec.tv_sec
  #define st_birthtimensec        st_birthtimespec.tv_nsec
#endif

The status information word st_flags has the following bits:

do not dump a file
file may not be changed
writes to file may only append
directory is opaque wrt. union
file is archived
file may not be changed
writes to file may only append

For a description of the flags, see chflags(2).

The stat(), lstat(), fstat(), and fstatat() functions return the value 0 if successful; otherwise the value -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set to indicate the error.

Previous versions of the system used different types for the st_dev, st_uid, st_gid, st_rdev, st_size, st_blksize and st_blocks fields.

stat(), lstat() and fstatat() will fail if:

[]
Search permission is denied for a component of the path prefix.
[]
A badly formed vnode was encountered. This can happen if a file system information node is incorrect.
[]
sb or path points to an invalid address.
[]
An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system.
[]
Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the pathname.
[]
A component of a pathname exceeded {NAME_MAX} characters, or an entire path name exceeded {PATH_MAX} characters.
[]
The named file does not exist.
[]
A component of the path prefix is not a directory.
[]
The named file is a character special or block special file, and the device associated with this special file does not exist.

In addition, fstatat() will fail if:

[]
path does not specify an absolute path and fd is neither AT_FDCWD nor a valid file descriptor open for reading or searching.
[]
path is not an absolute path and fd is a file descriptor associated with a non-directory file.

fstat() will fail if:

[]
fd is not a valid open file descriptor.
[]
sb points to an invalid address.
[]
An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system.

chflags(2), chmod(2), chown(2), utimes(2), dirent(3), types(3), symlink(7)

stat(), lstat(), and fstat() conform to IEEE Std 1003.1-2004 (“POSIX.1”). fstatat() conforms to IEEE Std 1003.1-2008 (“POSIX.1”).

The stat() and fstat() function calls appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX. A lstat() function call appeared in 4.2BSD.

Applying fstat() to a socket (and thus to a pipe) returns a zero'd buffer, except for the blocksize field, and a unique device and file serial number.

September 1, 2019 NetBSD-9.2