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DESCRIPTION

The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the -L -O and -o options). The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID, controlling terminal, cpu time (including both user and system time), state, and associated command.

The options are as follows:

-a

Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.

-C

Change the way the cpu percentage is calculated by using a ``raw'' cpu calculation that ignores ``resident'' time (this normally has no effect).

-e

Display the environment as well.

-h

Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one header per page of information.

-j

Print information associated with the following keywords: user, pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time and command.

-L

List the set of available keywords.

-l

Display information associated with the following keywords: uid, pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time and command.

-M

Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core instead of the default “/dev/kmem”.

-m

Sort by memory usage, instead of by process ID.

-N

Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default “/vmunix”.

-O

Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list of keywords specified, after the process ID, in the default information display. Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string. This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of the standard header.

-o

Display information associated with the space or comma separated list of keywords specified. Keywords may be appended with an equals (``='') sign and a string. This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of the standard header.

-p

Display information associated with the specified process ID.

-r

Sort by current cpu usage, instead of by process ID.

-S

Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all exited children to their parent process.

-T

Display information about processes attached to the device associated with the standard input.

-t

Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal device.

-u

Display information associated with the following keywords: user, pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time and command. The -u option implies the -r option.

-v

Display information associated with the following keywords: pid, state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz, %cpu, %mem and command. The -v option implies the -m option.

-W

Extract swap information from the specified file instead of the default “/dev/swap”.

-w

Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which is your window size. If the -w option is specified more than once, ps will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.

-x

Display information about processes without controlling terminals.

A complete list of the available keywords are listed below. Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:

%cpu

The cpu utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to a minute of previous (real) time. Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may be very young) it is possible for the sum of all %CPU fields to exceed 100%.

%mem

The percentage of real memory used by this process.

flags

The flags (in hexadecimal) associated with the process as in the include file ⟨sys/proc.h⟩:

SLOAD	0x0000001	in core
SSYS	0x0000002	swapper or pager process
SLOCK	0x0000004	process being swapped out
SSWAP	0x0000008	save area flag
STRC	0x0000010	process is being traced
SWTED	0x0000020	another tracing flag
SSINTR	0x0000040	sleep is interruptible
SKEEP	0x0000100	another flag to prevent swap out
SOMASK	0x0000200	restore old mask after taking signal
SWEXIT	0x0000400	working on exiting
SPHYSIO	0x0000800	doing physical I/O
SVFORK	0x0001000	process resulted from vfork(2)
SVFDONE	0x0002000	another vfork flag
SNOVM	0x0004000	no vm, parent in a vfork
SPAGV	0x0008000	init data space on demand, from vnode
SSEQL	0x0010000	user warned of sequential vm behavior
SUANOM	0x0020000	user warned of random vm behavior
STIMO	0x0040000	timing out during sleep
SNOCLDSTOP	0x0080000	no SIGCHLD when children stop
SCTTY	0x0100000	has a controlling terminal
SOWEUPC	0x0200000	owe process an addupc() call at next ast
SSEL	0x0400000	selecting; wakeup/waiting danger
SEXEC	0x0800000	process called exec(2)
SHPUX	0x1000000	\*(tNHP-UX\*(sP process	(Dv HPUXCOMPAT)
SULOCK	0x2000000	locked in core after swap error
SPTECHG	0x4000000	pte's for process have changed

lim

The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to setrlimit(2).

lstart

The exact time the command started, using the ``%C'' format described in strftime(3).

nice

The process scheduling increment (see setpriority(2)).

rss

the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).

start

The time the command started. If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is displayed using the ``%l:ps.1p'' format described in strftime(3). If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is displayed using the ``%a6.15p'' format. Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the ``%e%b%y'' format.

state

The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example, “RWNA”. The first letter indicates the run state of the process:

D

Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.

I

Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).

R

Marks a runnable process.

S

Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.

T

Marks a stopped process.

Z

Marks a dead process (a ``zombie'').

Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state information:

+

The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.

<

The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.

>

The process has specified a soft limit on memory requirements and is currently exceeding that limit; such a process is (necessarily) not swapped.

A

the process has asked for random page replacement (VA_ANOM, from vadvise(2), for example, lisp(1) in a garbage collect).

E

The process is trying to exit.

L

The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw I/O).

N

The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see setpriority(2)).

S

The process has asked for FIFO page replacement (VA_SEQL, from vadvise(2), for example, a large image processing program using virtual memory to sequentially address voluminous data).

s

The process is a session leader.

V

The process is suspended during a vfork.

W

The process is swapped out.

X

The process is being traced or debugged.

tt

An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any. The abbreviation consists of the two letters following “/dev/tty”, or, for the console, ``co''. This is followed by a ``-'' if the process can no longer reach that controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).

wchan

The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits. When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints as 324000.

When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie) is listed as ``<defunct>'', and a process which is blocked while trying to exit is listed as ``<exiting>''. Ps makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the process was created by examining memory or the swap area. The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process is entitled to destroy this information, so the names cannot be depended on too much. The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.